For instance, the interplay between repulsive Eph/ephrin and adhesive cadherin cell–cell interactions regulate tissue boundary roughness, stability, and cell fate 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Thus, recent research has focused on the formation and dynamics of tissue–tissue boundaries. ![]() In particular, tissue–tissue interfaces underlie both biological processes such as organ separation and compartmentalization 18, 19, as well as biomedical applications such as tissue-mimetic materials 20, 21, 22 and engineered tissue constructs 23, 24, 25. In places where tissues meet, the resulting tissue is a living composite material whose properties depend on its constituent tissues. Indeed, cell–cell interactions give rise to behaviors such as contact inhibition 2, 3, 4, collective cell migration 5, 6, and cell-cycle regulation 7, 8, 9, 10, which underlie physiological functions such as tissue development and healing 11, 12, organ size control 13, 14, morphogenetic patterning 15, and even pathological processes such as tumor invasion 16, 17. This concept is increasingly apropos as interdisciplinary research pushes deep into the coordinated cell behaviors underlying even “simple” tissues. Overall, our work provides insight into the mechanics of tissue collisions, harnessing them to engineer tissue composites as designable living materials.Ī biological tissue is a cellular community or, as Virchow wrote in the 19th century 1, “a cell state in which every cell is a citizen”. Finally, we introduce TissEllate, a design tool for self-assembling complex tessellations from arrays of many tissues, and we use cell sheet engineering techniques to transfer these composite tissues like cellular films. We present a physical model of tissue interactions that allows us to estimate the bulk modulus of the tissues from collision dynamics. Next, we propose that genetically identical tissues displace each other based on pressure gradients, which are directly linked to gradients in cell density. ![]() First, we determine rules for tissue shape changes during binary collisions and describe complex cell migration at tri-tissue boundaries. Here, we studied collisions between monolayer tissues with different geometries, cell densities, and cell types. While cell-cell interactions have been intensely investigated, less is known about tissue-tissue interactions. Tissues do not exist in isolation-they interact with other tissues within and across organs.
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